World War I Veterans: Wounds, Opioids, and Addiction Treatment

Often regarded as the first modern war, World War I was the first conflict to use machine guns, tanks, planes, and chemical warfare on a mass scale. This, coupled with the international nature of the conflict, led to unprecedented casualties on the battlefield. Morphine was a common drug of choice for military physicians hoping to provide pain management to injured soldiers, and it was especially effective for men who had been gassed or contracted tuberculosis.

The prescribed use of morphine during the war, however, often resulted in an addiction that followed Veterans when they returned home. While the American public generally praised World War Veterans for their service, Veteran drug addicts frequently struggled to reassimilate into a society that equated addicts with dangerous criminals. While modern medical science understands drug addiction as a chronic brain disorder, the actual and profound impact of these drugs on the brain was not widely understood in the years after World War I. At the time, addiction was instead viewed as a sign of moral and physical weakness on the part of the addict. New York Representative Lester Volk was among several advocates arguing that Veterans, since their addiction stemmed from their military service, did not deserve the “humiliation” that the public arbitrarily imposed on drug users.[1] Despite this, Veterans were not immune from the negative stigma. Contemporaneous newspaper articles referred to all addicts, Veterans or not, as “suspicious, untruthful, [and] deceptive,” and warned readers to “not keep company with any other person who is an addict…even if he is your own brother or a member of your family.”[2]

Many Veterans sought to rid themselves of addiction in the years following World War I. While there was no guaranteed remedy for morphinism, suggested treatments ranged from a gradual reduction in morphine intake, a prescription of phenobarbital, or, simply, isolation. Some morphine addicts voluntarily committed themselves to local jails or state sanitoriums in an attempt to restrict their access to the drug. Others turned to local hospitals, which admitted hundreds of Veteran morphine addicts in the early 1920s. These hospitals often instituted the gradual withdrawal method for addiction until, in June 1921, they began administering the barbiturate phenobarbital. Veterans addicted to morphine were admitted to a closed ward where they received 2-3 daily doses of phenobarbital, which helped reduce withdrawal symptoms like restlessness, pain, and insomnia.[3] This treatment was also accompanied with warm baths, alcohol rubs, and doses of castor oil. However, J. B. Bauguss, head of the neuropsychiatric division of a Mississippi Veterans’ hospital, wrote that this treatment was not “a sure and unfailing cure for drug addiction,” and that “the majority of addicts relapse when returned to their old environment.”[4]

In 1921, the newly established Veterans Bureau began caring for addicted Veterans at their hospitals, many of which were transferred from the Public Health Service. These hospitals continued using the phenobarbital method to treat morphine addiction. Instances of addiction, however, continued to rise. In 1925, the American Legion announced that the Bureau Hospital in Palo Alto, California, was one of four hospitals nationwide that would be specifically tasked with caring for addicted World War Veterans. At the same time, the Bureau reached out to Dr. Alexander Lambert, a physician who had worked with the American Red Cross during World War I.[5] Lambert was a recognized narcotics researcher and had pioneered, in partnership with Charles B. Towns, the Towns-Lambert method of treating morphinism and alcoholism. Initially introduced in 1909, this method called for a gradual reduction in morphine intake combined with the administration of a mercury-based pill known as “blue mass” and a plant-based mixture of belladonna, Hyoscyamus, and zanthoxylum. Importantly, the treatment could be successfully completed in less than a month.[6] The Veterans Bureau thus began making plans for Dr. Lambert to teach this method to physicians treating Veteran drug addiction, and at least several Bureau doctors are known to have used this treatment in the late 1920s and early 1930s. [7]

Not all physicians advocated for the Towns-Lambert method, however. Dr. E. Connely, a neuropsychiatrist at the Veterans Bureau hospital in Algiers, Louisiana, published his concerns over the treatment in the Bureau’s 1926 Medical Bulletin. While he conceded that the Towns-Lambert method was often successful, he also argued that its reliance on toxic elements, namely belladonna, put patients at a severe risk of poisoning during treatment. Consequently, Connely’s proposed treatment substituted Lambert’s belladonna mixture with non-toxic Triticum.[8] According to Connely, his treatment was just as effective as the Towns-Lambert method and carried less risk to the patient. It is unclear, however, whether his treatment took hold in Veterans Bureau hospitals.

Despite evolving treatments, morphine addiction continued to plague many Veterans well after the war. In 1928, the rolls of the federal penitentiary in Atlanta listed dozens of morphine addicts. When asked how they had contracted their addiction, responses included “gassed in war,” “war wound,” “wounded Veteran,” and “wounded in France,” among other military-connected causes.[9] Even 10 years later, many Veterans still faced what was, in the words of one physician, “an affliction incomparably worse than the wounds received on the firing line.”[10]

While the medicinal use of morphine continued after World War I, greater precautions were placed on its use. The Veterans Administration (VA), which succeeded the Veterans Bureau, issued a 1934 letter to its out-patient physicians which stipulated that “the use of morphine must be kept to the minimum of actual need.”[11] VA Medical Bulletins in the 1930s and 1940s also referenced both the administration of morphine and the dangers of morphine addiction. Today, VA guidelines concerning the administration of opiates and the treatment of opiate addiction remain rooted in this decades-long research and the continued growth of knowledge surrounding the impacts of addiction.

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[1] “Copeland Again Attacked by Volk,” Times Union (Brooklyn, NY), January 13, 1922.

[2] Jeff Nilsson, Andy Hollandbeck, and William McAdoo, “The Other Prohibition: Opiate Addiction in the Roaring ‘20s,” Saturday Evening Post, September 6, 2016, https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2016/09/prohibition-opiate-addiction-roaring-20s/.

[3] J. B. Bauguss, “Drug Addiction,” United States Veterans’ Bureau Medical Bulletin 1, no. 2 (August 1925): 26.

[4] Bauguss, United States Veterans’ Bureau Medical Bulletin, 27.

[5] T. W. Kilmer, “Dr. Lambert Dies,” New York Times, May 10, 1939.

[6] Richard C. Cabot, “The Towns-Lambert Treatment for Morphinism and Alcoholism,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 164, no. 19 (1911): 676-677.

[7] “Narcotic Addicts to be Treated at Palo Alto Hospital,” Press-Tribune (Roseville, CA), February 20, 1925.; H. E. St. Antoine, “Drug Addiction,” United States Veterans’ Bureau Medical Bulletin 3, no. 6 (June 1927): 577.; R. E. Baker, “Abscess of the Spleen,” United States Veterans’ Bureau Medical Bulletin 7, no. 3 (March 1931): 264.

[8] E. Connely, “Care and Treatment of Drug Addicts,” United States Veterans’ Bureau Medical Bulletin 2, no. 9 (September 1926): 847.

[9] Hearings Before the United States House Committee on the Judiciary: 70^th Congress (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1928), 140-142.

[10] Edward Huntington Williams, Opiate Addiction: Its Handling and Treatment (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1922), 33.

[11] “Veterans Administration Service Letter,” Medical Bulletin of the Veterans Administration 11, no. 1 (July 1934), 180.