In May 2009, twelve VA doctors and scientists gathered in a small conference room in Rockville, Maryland, to brainstorm about the design of VA’s first-ever large-scale genetic research program. They wanted to collect medical information from Veterans along with blood samples to extract DNA, with the goal of creating a genomic biobank or database for researchers to explore how genes affect health and disease. The groundwork for such a program had already been put in place by Joel Kupersmith, VA’s Chief Research and Development Officer. Dr. Kupersmith championed the initiative in early discussions with VA Secretary R. James Nicholson and commissioned a series of independent focus groups and a follow-up survey of Veterans to assess their attitudes around the new field of genetic research.
Dr. Kupersmith and other VA officials were highly encouraged by the results of the survey, which were published in the journal Genetics in Medicine the month of the meeting in Rockville. An overwhelming 83 percent of Veterans who completed the online survey supported the creation of a database for genetic research at VA, with 71 percent saying they would participate in the program themselves. Still, that left open the question of how many Veterans should be enrolled. The database needed to be large for research studies to yield statistically significant results on a wide range of health conditions. Timothy O’Leary, the Director of VA’s Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service, challenged the group to think big. They started with 100K and continued throwing out even larger numbers before settling on one million Veteran participants. Over dinner, they also came up with a name: the Million Veteran Program.
For VA to undertake a research program of this magnitude was more than ambitious; it was also unprecedented. At the time, the largest research initiative VA ever conducted was a colonoscopy study with 10,000 participants. To date, most genetic research studies involved a few thousand people at best.
Yet, several factors made VA ideally suited to execute a program on this scale. The agency oversees the largest health care system in the United States. With nine million Veterans enrolled in VA health care, VA has access to an enormous patient population, many of whom want to give back and help their fellow Veterans. For the past 30 years or more, VA has also employed a sophisticated electronic health record system to track Veteran treatment and medical information.VA also has a well-developed research infrastructure and supports research efforts at more than 100 VA medical centers and other facilities nationwide.
Over the next two years, under the leadership of Dr. Kupersmith, a dedicated team in the Office of Research of Development and the field shepherded MVP through the planning and development stages, pitching the program to Congress and other stakeholders, lining up VA medical centers as enrollment sites, and writing the research protocol. This last task proved complicated, as enrollees would be agreeing to share genetic and health data not just for one specific research project but for any number of approved studies in the future. This, too, had never been done before at VA. The MVP team cleared this important hurdle when VA’s Central Institutional Review Board approved the protocol in 2010.
Enrollment in MVP began in early 2011 at nine different sites. Recruitment efforts ramped up from there. Over the next five years, MVP opened 52 main enrollment sites plus more than 65 satellite locations across 37 states. The program also launched an enormous and still ongoing mail campaign to solicit participation, sending out letters and questionnaires to millions of Veterans. By March 2014, a quarter million Veterans had joined the program. MVP reached the half-million mark on August 1, 2016. The COVID-19 pandemic slowed its march to one million participants, but the program is closing in on that milestone, with nearly 900,000 Veterans enrolled as of June 2022.
Even in the program’s early stages, VA investigators took advantage of the genetic and health data collected from participants to initiate studies on a range of pressing health problems afflicting Veterans. The first studies using the MVP database focused on such conditions as heart and kidney disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, Gulf War Illness, and substance use. Since 2015, as more research projects have gotten underway, the scope of inquiry broadened to include diabetes, prostate and breast cancer, and anxiety and depression, to name just a few of the many health conditions MVP researchers are studying.
The program has also been enlisted in the fight against COVID-19. One VA study, the results of which were published in April 2022, established a link between genetic variants associated with severe COVID-19 and other medical conditions that place individuals at high risk if they contract the virus. Another study found that Black Veterans who carry a genetic variation linked to kidney disease were more than twice as likely to die from COVID-19, which triggered severe kidney infection in many of these patients. This discovery was made possible thanks to the diversity of Veterans in MVP, which has more people of African descent than any other research program in the world.
Other MVP studies promise to yield equally important insights into how genes interact with lifestyle issues and environmental factors to impact health. Over time, the knowledge gained through these studies will lead to groundbreaking improvements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness and disease for Veterans and all people.
Learn more about VA’s Million Veteran Program and its research projects.
*This entry has been revised to include additional detail about the contributions of Dr. Joel Kupersmith to MVP.
By Claudia Gutierrez, Public Relations Specialist, Million Veteran Program, and Jeffrey Seiken, Historian, Veterans Benefits Administration
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History of VA in 100 Objects
Object 80: LUKE/DEKA Prosthetic Arm
In the 19th century, the federal government left the manufacture and distribution of prosthetic limbs for disabled Veterans to private enterprise. The experience of fighting two world wars in the first half of the 20th century led to a reversal in this policy.
In the interwar era, first the Veterans Bureau and then the Veterans Administration assumed responsibility for providing replacement limbs and medical care to Veterans.
In recent decades, another federal agency, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), has joined VA as a supporter of cutting-edge research into artificial limb technology. DARPA’s efforts were spurred by the spike in traumatic injuries resulting from the emergence of improvised explosive devices as the insurgent’s weapon of choice in Iraq in 2003-04.
Out of that effort came the LUKE/DEKA prosthetic limb, named after the main character from "Star Wars."
History of VA in 100 Objects
Object 79: VA Study of Former Prisoners of War
American prisoners of war from World War II, Korea, and Vietnam faced starvation, torture, forced labor, and other abuses at the hands of their captors. For those that returned home, their experiences in captivity often had long-lasting impacts on their physical and mental health. Over the decades, the U.S. government sought to address their specific needs through legislation conferring special benefits on former prisoners of war.
In 1978, five years after the United States withdrew the last of its combat troops from South Vietnam, Congress mandated VA carry out a thorough study of the disability and medical needs of former prisoners of war. In consultation with the Secretary of Defense, VA completed the study in 14 months and published its findings in early 1980. Like previous investigations in the 1950s, the study confirmed that former prisoners of war had higher rates of service-connected disabilities.
History of VA in 100 Objects
Object 78: French Cross at Cypress Hills National Cemetery in Brooklyn
In the waning days of World War I, French sailors from three visiting allied warships marched through New York in a Liberty Loan Parade. The timing was unfortunate as the second wave of the influenza pandemic was spreading in the U.S. By January, 25 of French sailors died from the virus.
These men were later buried at the Cypress Hills National Cemetery and later a 12-foot granite cross monument, the French Cross, was dedicated in 1920 on Armistice Day. This event later influenced changes to burial laws that opened up availability of allied service members and U.S. citizens who served in foreign armies in the war against Germany and Austrian empires.
