In 1960, a VA research team led by surgeon William Chardack inserted what he described as a “battery-operated gadget about twice as big as a spool of Scotch tape and much the same shape” under the skin of a patient suffering from a complete heart block. The compact “gadget”- better known as the cardiac pacemaker – sent electrical signals to stimulate the heart and help it maintain a regular rhythm. A bundle of ten mercury zinc cells generated the pulses. While other researchers had created external pacemakers, Dr. Chardack’s device was revolutionary because it was implantable and powered by its own battery pack. The internal cardiac pacemaker developed by his team transformed the field of cardiac medicine.
Work on the pacemaker began in 1958 at the VA hospital in Buffalo, New York. Dr. Chardack’s team included another surgeon, Andrew Gage, and electrical engineer Wilson Greatbatch. Together, they focused on the many possibilities of electricity in medicine. The group was known as the bow tie team on account of their penchant for wearing bow ties to work each day. It was the engineer Greatbatch who actually designed the pacemaker and he built the first 50 by hand in his backyard workshop. They tested a prototype of the device on a dog so they could observe the benefits of cardiac electrotherapy. Two years later, they were ready to implant the cardiac pacemaker in a human. The operation was a success and the man lived for another two years before dying of unrelated causes. Subsequent patients who received the pacemaker lived for as long as 20 years after the surgery.
The bow tie team continued to refine their invention in the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1972, with Dr. Chardack assisting, Dr. Gage implanted the first nuclear-powered cardiac pacemakers in patients at the Buffalo VA hospital. The same year, Greatbatch pioneered the use of long-lasting lithium-iodine cells as a power source for pacemakers.
Although surgical techniques and pacemaker technologies have evolved over the years, the basic design remains similar to the device introduced to the medical world by Dr. Chardack and his collaborators in 1960. The cardiac pacemaker developed by VA researchers has improved the length and quality of life for thousands of Veterans and millions of people worldwide.
By Parker Beverly
Virtual Student Federal Service Intern, Veterans Health Administration
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History of VA in 100 Objects
Object 90: Pearl Harbor Unknowns Marker
Seamen 1st Class Raymond Emory survived the attack on Pearl Harbor. Decades later, his research and advocacy led the government to add ship names to the markers of the Pearl Harbor unknowns interred in the National Cemetery of the Pacific.
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Object 89: VA Film “You Can Lick TB” (1949)
In 1949, VA produced a 19-minute film titled “You Can Lick TB.” The film follows a fictional conversation between a bedridden Veteran with tuberculosis and his VA doctor, dramatizing through brief vignettes the different stages of TB treatment and recovery.
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Object 88: Civil War Nurses
During the Civil War, thousands of women served as nurses for the Union Army. Most had no prior medical training, but they volunteered out of a desire to support family members and other loved ones fighting in the war. Female nurses cared for soldiers in city infirmaries, on hospital ships, and even on the battlefield, enduring hardships and sometimes putting their own lives in danger to minister to the injured.
Despite the invaluable service they rendered, Union nurses received no federal benefits after the war. Women-led organizations such as the Woman’s Relief Corps spearheaded efforts to compensate former nurses for their service. In 1892, Congress finally acceded to their demands.
